Apparently the partition was labeled as a basic partition instead of a system one so windows could boot from it but not update from it what the actual fuck
@pettanko no fucking clue. I have no idea how long it has been like that either but I'm assuming a very long time. The weird thing is that I could still boot from it, but windows update couldn't see it.
With the help of my IT wizard brother, we were able to get the partition switched over and the updates working again! No clean install required! What a fucking legend.